Justice and the Moral Limits of Markets

丸善に行ったら、平積みされていました。2種類あって、kindleのはSandelが表紙になっている、若干大きな版のものに拠っているみたいです。このほか丸善にはamazon.comでもまだ販売していない本まで置いてありました。

今日は第2章の終わり、92ページまで読みました。そのほかに、2009年にLSEで行われたSandelの講演"Justice and the Moral Limits of Markets "を2度ほど聴きました。動画、音声ともにiTunesから落とせます。

インセンティブはヘルスケアの分野でも活用でも熱く、

A computarized pillbox records whether they take the drug and tells them whether they won that day.

のような制度まであったりするほど。アメリカの80%の大企業では、一般の企業の多くも金銭的なインセンティブを利用した健康プログラムを導入しているとのこと。このへんは、"Nudge"でも薦めていたことの結果なんでしょうか。批判としては、健康は金のために求めるものでないとか、金がなくても健康になっている人の不公平感だとか。

It fits, I think, because we suspect that the monetary motive crowds out other, better motives. Heres' how: Good health is not only about achieving the right cholesterol level and body mass index. It is also about developing the right attitude to our physical well-being and treating our bodies with care and respect. Paying people to take their meds does little to develop such attitudes and may even undermine them.

Health bribes trick us into doing something we should be doing anyhow. They induce us to do the right thing for the wrong reason. Sometimes, it helps to be tricked. It isn't easy to quit smoking or lose weight on our own. But eventually, we should rise above manipulation. Otherwise, the bribe may become habit forming.

インセンティブの導入は様々な分野に広がり、子供のしつけにもよく見られるということで、たとえば礼状を書いたら1ドルをあげるようなことをしていると、

the bribes may corrupt their moral education and make it harder for thm to learn the virtue of gratitude. Even if it increase production in the short run, the bribe for thank-you notes will have failed, by including the wrong way of valuing the good in question.

ということになるし、難民の受け入れにオークションのようなものを採用すれば、

It encourages the participant - the buyers, the sellers, and also those whose asylum is being haggle over - to think of refugees as burdens to be unloaded or as revenue sources, rather than as human beings in peril.

となり、経済学者が主張するようなことをすると、

Markets leave their mark on social norms. Often, market incentives erode or crowd out nonmarket incentives.

Introducing the monetary payment changed the norms. Before, parents who came late felt guilty; they were imposing an incovenience on the teachers. Now parents considered a late pickup as a service for which they were willing to pay. They treated the fine as if it were a fee. Rather than imposing on the teacher, they were simply paying him or her to work longer.

となってしまうそうです。
市場とモラルの問題は、市場で扱われているものの値段にあるfineとfeeという視点からも捉えられます。fine/ feeというのは、

Fines register moral disapproval, whereas fees are simply prices that imply no moral judgment.

で、スピード違反などのfineを所得依存にしている国もあるようです。一方、fineをfeeのように捉え、ファンドを作って対抗する人もいて、無賃乗車のペナルティを知った上で故意に無賃乗車するグループもいるようです。

人口増加や排出ガスの抑制で、ただ違反を罰するfeeの方向から、権利を取引する方向に変わってきていることに関して、そもそも取引の対象にすることに疑問を呈しています。

Where global cooperation is at stake, allowing rich countires to avoid meaningful reductions in their own energy use by buying the right to pollute from others (or paying for programs that enable other countries to pollute less) does damage to two norms: it entrenches an instrumental attitude toward nature, and it undermines the spirit of shared sacrifice that may be necessary to create a global environment ethic.

Economists often assume that solving global warming is simply a matter of designing the right incentive structure and getting countries to sign on. But this misses a crucial point: norms matter.

My point is simply that markets reflect and promote certain norms, certain ways of valuing the goods they exchange. In deciding whether to commodify a good, we must therefore consider more than efficiency and distributive justice. We must also ask whether market norms will crowd out nonmarket norms, and if so, whether this represents a loss worth caring about.

As markets and market-oriented thinking reach into spheres of life traditionally governed by nonmarket norms - health, education, procreation, refugee policy, environmental protection - this dilemma arises more and more often.

また、絶滅危惧動物に対して、現地民に狩猟権を売らせ、彼らに繁殖のインセンティブを与えるような政策も、それで個体数を増やすことができても、

Whether to create a market in the hunting of endangered species depends not only whether it increases their number but also on whether it expresses and promotes the right way of valuing them.

続くはインセンティブを前面に出してきた経済学と社会について。
現在の標準的教科書が「経済」を

An economy is just a group of people interacting with one another as they go about their lives.

と定義していたり、

the incidence of the term (incentive) increased by 400 percent from the 1940s to the 1990s.

であったり(案外少ないような気も･･･)して、経済学者はAdam Smith好んで引用しているものの、

This is a far cry from Adam Smith's image of the market as an invisible hand.

utilitarianism is open to some familiar objections. The objection most relevant to market reasoning asks why we should maximize the satisfaction of preferences regardless of their moral worth.

と疑問を呈し、

To decide whether to rely on financial incentives, we need to ask whether those incentives will corrupt attitudes and norms worth protecting.

で締めています。