Markets in Life and Death

続きを第4章の途中、145ページまで。

募金活動でも報奨をつけると集まりが悪くなり、

The financial incentive transformed a public-spirited activity into a job for pay.

という例が現実に見られる。
また、サービス時間の有料延長サービスを一時的に導入して、それを廃止すると、

When, after about twelve weeks, the day-care centers eliminated the fine, the new, elevated rate of late arrival persisted. Once the monetary payment had eroded the moral obligation to show up on time, the old sense of responsibility proved difficult to revive.

という現実もある。

nonmarket normを｢経済学的に考える｣ことに対して、経済学者のFred HirschはベッカーがAn Economic Approach to Human Behaviorを書いた同年に書いた本で、

The "common assumption, almost always hidden, is that commercialization process does not affect the product." Hirsch observes that this mistaken assumption loomed large in the rising "economic imperialism" of the time, including attempts, by Becker and others, to extend economic analysis into neighboring realms of social and political life.

上にあげた現実の例も行動経済学的な守備範囲に入るところだろうが、実際に、

Dan Ariely, one of a growing number of behavioral economists, did a series of experiments demonstrating that paying people to do something may elicit less effort from them than asking them to do it for free, especially if it's a good deed.

と見ている。

crowd outに戻ると、献血でも、

turning blood into a market commodity erodes people's sense of obligation to donate blood, diminishes the spirit of altruism, and undermines the "gift relationship" as an active feature of social life.

ということがある。

第4章 Markets in Life and Death

経営者に関して

It has long been common practice for companies to take out insurance on the lives of their CEOs and top executives, to offset the significant cost of replacing them if they die.

である一方、労働者にも、企業が受取人の保険がかけられていたり、終末医療患者、ひいては有名人にまで掛けられるようになった生命保険について。

歴史的には

Lacking moral legitimacy, "life insurance did not develop in most countries until the mid- or late nineteenth century.
　England was an exception. Beginning in the late seventeenth century,...

と以外に新しいらしい。